Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, following mitosis or meiosis. It is the physical process where the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and cellular components. The process differs significantly between animal and plant cells. In animal cells, a contractile ring pinches the cell membrane inward, forming a cleavage furrow. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the midline, eventually becoming the new cell wall, separating the two new cells. This vital process ensures proper cell division and growth in all living organisms.
Cytokinesis meaning with examples
- During mitosis, after the chromosomes have separated in anaphase, Cytokinesis begins, ensuring each new daughter cell receives the correct genetic material. Without Cytokinesis, a single cell would have two nuclei, instead of splitting into two separate cells each with their own nucleus.
- In animal cells, the contractile ring, made of actin and myosin filaments, tightens to divide the cell during cytokinesis. This pinching-off action ensures the cytoplasm and organelles are distributed fairly to the new daughter cells. If this process does not function correctly, the daughter cell may not function.
- Plant cells must synthesize a cell plate during Cytokinesis, as they have a rigid cell wall that prevents the invagination seen in animal cells. Vesicles fuse to form the cell plate at the center of the cell, creating a new boundary that will develop into the new cell wall. This process is very complex.
- Failure of Cytokinesis can lead to cells with multiple nuclei or uneven distribution of organelles, potentially resulting in cell dysfunction or even cell death. Proper Cytokinesis is therefore crucial for normal development, growth, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms.